A Tree Assembles in Brooklyn
Democratizing Urban Farming in the Borough of Trees.
Glasir
Timeline:
Client:
Location:
Visualization:
Category:
2018 - ongoing
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Brooklyn, NY
Lysverk
Pre-Fab, Urban Farming, Product Design, Architecture
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The Seed
Agriculture is the basis for civilization. From the days of relying on hunting and gathering, the practice of cultivating soil and farming animals catapulted humankind forward — unlocking profound development and prosperity. However, the ancient form of agriculture is a far cry from today’s industrialized counterpart, which has increasingly revealed its problematic downsides. For one, it is an extremely water-intensive industry. Today, the lion's share of our planet’s precious freshwater supply is being poured into agriculture. Concurrently, WHO estimates that 844 million people lack basic drinking-water service, and that by 2025, half of the world’s population will be living in water-stressed areas [1]. Secondly, modern agriculture demands significant land area. An estimated 37% of our planet’s surface is used for farming — a number that is still growing [2]. Consequently, agriculture has historically been the prime mover for deforestation and loss of biodiversity.
While most of us expect to be able to enjoy apples, tomatoes, and avocados every day, anywhere in the world, the agriculture industry has colossal needs for transportation and logistical infrastructure — with equally colossal environmental and economical ramifications. World population is expected to reach 10 billion by 2050 [3] and agriculture as we know it today will need to almost double in size to serve this population [4]. However, most of the planet's land has already been claimed [5], while the remaining arable land is being degraded at rapid rates [6].
Glasir is project that seeks to intervene in this scenario with a community-based system for urban farming. By combining the flexibility of modularity with the efficiency of aeroponic growth systems, the project offers self-regulating, vertical farming structures that can provide neighborhoods with affordable, local produce year-around.
The overarching ambition of the project is to introduce urban food production as a means to strengthen communities.
As the world urbanizes at rapid rates, citizens stand to lose the connection to nature, agriculture, and food supplies. Emerging technologies will increasingly allow for agricultural systems to be implemented into the urban realm.
“This is not our world with trees in it. It's a world of trees, where humans have just arrived."
Richard Powers, The Overstory [24].
The term tree architecture refers to the visible, morphological expression of the genetic blueprint of a tree at any one time [8]. Hallé and Oldeman proposed to group tree architectures into 23 classes, called architectural models, in order to catalogue the different adaptive growth strategies of the tree. This classification is based on the postulate that a plant can be viewed as a growing assembly of modules, such as primary meristems (growth centers), branch segments (internodes), leaves and flowers.
As one of the oldest living species on earth, trees have a rich historical, cultural, and economic significance in our societies. Throughout history, trees have often been seen as sacred, powerful symbols of life and mortality, while evergreen trees have been seen as symbols of immortality and fertility. In more recent times, research has also uncovered the plant's profound effects on human wellbeing and development. Proximity to trees and nature has proven to lower blood pressure, slow down heart rate, and reduce stress levels. Trees also serve as important environments for children to play and explore their physicality — vital factors for the development of the human brain. Numerous studies have also documented the economic impact of trees in urban environments. Proximity to mature trees has been found to increase property value by 5 - 18% [7] — findings which underscore the importance people put on trees in their communities.
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The Tree
e | Kalanchoë Beharensis
f | Entrandrophragma Utile, disposition of expanded leaves
g | Entrandrophragma Utile
Tree Architecture, Rauh's Model [8]
a | Oleandra Pistillaris
b | Entrandrophragma Utile, axilliary flowering
c | Artocarpus Incisa
d | Macaranga Aleuritoides
A key differentiating trait within the architectural models is the distinction between monopodial, sympodial, and dichotomous branching strategies. Monopodial (mono, single; podos, foot) branching is characterized by a single axis with indefinite growth, supporting all lateral branching. In sympodial (sym, together; podos, foot) branching, the main shoot axis is formed by a succession of apical meristems. Lastly, dichotomous branching is a type of branching in which the terminal bud of the axis successively bifurcates into meristems. The increase in height of the tree is determined by the growth of the main axis, the lateral branches, and all branches, for monopodial, sympodial, and dichotomous branching, respectively.
This project appropriates Rauh’s model as a departing design strategy. This model is characterized by a monopodial trunk with rhythmic growth (through modules), developing tiers of branches — themselves morphologically identical with the trunk. Rauh’s model is one of the most frequent among seed plants and because all meristems are equivalent and rhythmic, it is a very adaptable model. Examples of trees in Rauh’s Model include the Entandrophragma Utile, Macaranga Aleuritoides, and Artocarpus Incisa.
a | Monopodial Branching
b | Sympodial Branching
c | Dichotomous Branching
The minimal footprint allows the structure to be erected in small sites - such as on sidewalks
- subbing in for its biological cousin.
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The Fruit
Compared to traditional agriculture, aquaponic- and aeroponic systems allow for a dramatic decrease in water usage.
During the 1990s, NASA started experimenting with growing plants and vegetables in mist environments, rather than soil — a process referred to as aeroponics [9]. For an organization like NASA, there are significant advantages of implementing these systems into their space programs. Aeroponic systems have a comparable crop yield to traditional, geoponic cultivation on 10% of the area. These systems are also extremely water-efficient — requiring less than 10% of the water necessitated by traditional, geoponic cultivation, while allowing the use of fertilizers and pesticides to be drastically reduced. In addition, aeroponic growth environments enable plant roots to absorb much higher levels of minerals and vitamins, which yield vegetables that pack a stronger nutritional punch.
Aeroponic systems have a comparable crop yield to geoponic systems — on 10% of the area.
The exclusion of soil makes aeroponics a highly flexible growth system, allowing it to offer local access to greens and vegetables for the urban population. While the majority of produce in grocery stores today have traveled extensively from remote, industrialized farms — an accepted necessity of today’s distributed marketplace — the quality of the greens and vegetables suffers because of it. In a localized supply-chain, the greens have higher nutrient levels, lower chances of contamination, and be fresher.
Each aeroponics module is able to produce ca. 480 Lbs of vegetables annually. A tree structure can produce ca. 48,000 Lbs annually [18, 19].
480 Lbs / year
48,000 Lbs / year
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The system is centered around a subscription service model for periodic distribution of crops to households, businesses, and schools.
Embedded cavities and terraces invite the community to exlore the interiority of the stucture and harvest fruits and vegetables.
Utilizing drone technology, greenhouse modules can be delivered to/from service subscribers, and allow the structures to expand, reconfigure, and relocate as needed.
The prefabricated system units offer enhanced manufacturing precision, minimized waste material, and decreased cost and construction timelines.
The structure is designed to encourage and facilitate physical play and exploration.
The structure is designed to encourage and facilitate physical play and exploration.
Stored harvested energy can be used to charge electrical bikes, mobile devices, and integrated lighting.
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The Modules
Due to its stationary nature, trees have evolved to deploy a series of strategic behavior patterns (morphogenesis) in order to adapt to its environment and optimize its competitive abilities. Ecologist Henry Horn described trees as “crafty green strategists” [10]. One of the most important principles used to optimize this adaptive behaviour is modularity.
In plant architecture, the concept of module (‘article’ in French) was defined for the first time by Prévost [14] in her study of tropical Apocynaceae. She defined the word as a morphological term referring to developmental products of single apical meristems. Its characteristics included the entire developmental process — from the initiation of the meristem to the onset of sexuality, which completes the development of the module. These processes are repeated in each successive module. Further groundwork on modularity was laid by Von Goethe, in his book, La Métamorphose des plantes [15]. Since then, numerous studies and publications have confirmed that plants are modular organisms that grow through repetition of discrete, structural units [16]. Consequently, a tree structure develops through a systematic, sequential growth process, during which each module may grow, change type, produce new modules, or die according to the intrinsic rules of its type.
“The most appropriate division in ecology is not between animals and plants, but between unitary and modular organisms”
Vuorisalo, T. & Tuomi, J [11, 12, 13].
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The Growth
Primary elements & annual growth modules of the Macaranga Aleuritoides tree (Rauh's model) [8].
1 Apical Meristem
2. Sylleptic Shoot
3. Inflorescence
4. Orthotropic shoot
5. Monopodial Branching
6. Third-order growth axis
7. Proleptic shoot
8. Second-order growth axis
9. Primary growth axis
Glasir is a project that seeks to utilize tree's adaptable growth processes as a dynamic framework for high-yield, vertical farming. The system catalogue consists of ten modules (five growth modules, three production modules, and two access modules). Through the use of standardized interfaces, all modules can connect to each other, enabling the system to assemble into an endless number of configurations. Through the elevation and distribution of production modules, the system enables high-yield, local production of greens and vegetables, while engaging with the streetscape as a distinct new urban figure. With its 2’ x 2’ footprint, the structure can be erected anywhere in the city where a regular tree can be planted — on the sidewalk, in a backyard, in a public park, etc. The modular architecture of the system affords great flexibility and allows each structure to conform to local context and constraints.
The system consists of ten modules, designed to assemble in any configuration imaginable.
Each tree is constantly changing — responding to user needs and environmental conditions.
Glasir (meaning gleaming) was a majestic tree described in Norse mythology as “the most beautiful among gods and men”. Beyond its glimmering, aesthetic qualities, this storied tree was said to have powerful abilities. In lieu of supernatural powers, our namesake project incorporates a series of technologies tailored to establish symbiotic relationships with nature and its communities.
The brain of the system is an AI that enables the tree to optimize its growth and distribution of production modules — both within the tree structure and among neighboring trees. The artificial intelligence, in conjunction with a series of environmental sensors, enables the tree to evaluate environmental conditions (such as solar gain, temperature levels, prevailing winds, the presence of adjacent structures) and adapt to ensure optimized growth conditions for the production modules. The growth and adaptation of the tree is facilitated through drone transit technology, allowing the modules to relocate within the tree, transfer to other tree structures, return to its owner/subscriber (household, business, school, etc.), or retreat to service facilities.
The system units are designed to accommodate monopodial (a, b, c, d), dichotumous (e), and sympodial (f, g) branching — enabling the tree structure to respond to unique environmental constraints and opportunities [17].
I: Branch segment
A: Apical Meristem
K: Inflorescence / Terminal Flower
1 | Water Collection Pools
2 | Integrated Translucent Photovoltaic Modules
3 | Harvesting/Observation Deck
4 | Structural core with access ladder
5 | Aquaphonic Farming Module
6 | Air Cleansing Titanium Oxide Coating
7 | Water Trunk Line
8 | Seating with Integrated USB ports
9 | Water Pump with UV purification
All required energy is harvested through integrated, translucent photovoltaic cells; a rainwater collection system stores, purifies, and pumps the water-mixture through feeder lines to mist nozzles in each production module; an outer layer of Titanium Oxide enables the structure to combat pollution through extraction of pollutants from the air. With the use of magnetic electrical connector technology and male/female interfaces, each production module connects to the trunk structure for access to water circulation.
SOLAR ENERGY HARVEST
By utilizing integrated, translucent photovoltaic cells, each tree structure is able to harvest and store energy for its entire operation - and then some. Additional energy can be transferred to nearby households.
POLLUTION COMBATING
With an outer coating of Titanium Oxide, the structure is able to extract pollutants from the air, and help clean the air in its neighborhood.
COMMUNITY ANCHOR
Each structure serves as social anchor points for its local community - a place for people to meet, play, and relax.
CONNECTIVITY
As a modular, networked, system, each tree-structure is part of a larger techno-ecological network. By utilizing IOT sensory technologies, the system is able to optimize for performance- environmental-, and social factors.
The system can quickly scale to accommodate larger subscriber volumes [17].
Glasir is designed to productively intervene in this landscape. The system is proposed to initially be deployed in the borough’s poorest and least food secure areas — neighborhoods such as East New York, East Flatbush, Canarsie and Flatlands. These are some of the largest food deserts in the city, where access to affordable and nutritious food is limited. With studies proving a direct correlation between food insecurity and health risk [23], Glasir’s proposition to offer affordable, locally-grown produce has the potential to not only boost the nutritional profile of the residents’ diet, but also plant the seed for societal and economic betterment in these neighborhoods. Through their street presence, the tree-structures also serve the important role of creating visibility and awareness around the importance of greens and vegetables.
An important objective of the project is to create an iconic, recognizable structure. Albeit a high-technological system, its presence should be calm, familiar, and friendly.
As a product-service system, Glasir lends itself to different business models for different targeted user segments: private households, community centers, schools and organizations, corporations, etc. The system is also appropriate for the sharing economy as each production module can be shared among several subscribers — maximizing the available resources, while minimizing energy for production and transit. Through the use of a digital app, the module can be delivered to a chosen location for harvesting.
While the city’s streetscape serves as the habitat for Glasir, each tree structure also aspires to function as a microhabitat of its own, serving as social anchors for the local community — creating tranquil spaces for people to meet and relax, offering shade and shelter during the day, and gently illuminating the sidewalk when dusk falls. As each tree structure serves a local neighborhood, the composition, type, and seasonal variation of the vegetables grown, reflects the unique composition and characteristics of its community — strengthening the distinct character of the neighborhood and forging pride among its residents.
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Notes
1. World Health Organization website, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water
2. The World Bank, Agricultural Land Estimate, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ag.lnd.agri.zs
3. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/world-population-prospects-2017.html
4. United Nations Panel Discussion, https://www.un.org/press/en/2009/gaef3242.doc.htm
5. Owen, J. Farming Claims Almost Half Earth's Land, New Maps Show, National Geographics, Nationalgeographics.com, December 9, 2005
6. Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures, University of Sheffield, http://grantham.sheffield.ac.uk/soil-loss-an-unfolding-global-disaster/
7. Morales, D.J., Micha, F.R., & Weber, R.L., 1983. Two methods of valuating trees on residential sites. J. Arboric. 9, pp. 71-24.
8. Hallé, F., Oldeman, R.A.A., and Tomlinson, P.B. (1978): Tropical Trees and Forests. An Architectural Analysis. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
9. NASA.org, Progressive Plant Growing is a Blooming Business, 2007
10. Horn, H.S. The Adaptive Geometry of Trees, 1971, Princeton University Press
11. Jerling, L. 1985 Are plants and animals alike? A note on evolutionary plant population ecology. - Oikos 45: pp. 150-153
12. Harper, J.L. & Bell, A.D. 1979 The population dynamics of growth form in organisms with modular construction. IN: R.M. Anderson, B.D. Turner & L.P. Taylor (Eds.), Population dynamics. Blackwell Sci. Publ. London, pp. 29-52
13. Vuorisalo, T. & Tuomi, J. Unitary and Modular Organisms: Criteria for Ecological Division. - Oikos 47 No. 3 (Nov., 1986), pp. 382-385
14. Prévost MF. Architecture de quelques Apocynacées ligneuses. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Lettres Botaniques. 1967;114, pp. 24–36.
15. von Goethe JW. La Métamorphose des plantes. Traduction de Bideau H. 1975. Paris: Editions Triades; 1790.
16. Barthélémy, D. & Caraglio, Y. Plant Architecture: A Dynamic, Multilevel and Comprehensive Approach to Plant Form, Structure and Ontogeny, 2007, Oxford University Press
17. P. Prusinkiewicz, W. Remphrey: Characterization of architectural tree models using L−systems and Petri nets. In M. Labrecque (Ed.): L'arbre − The Tree 2000: Papers presented at the 4th International Symposium on the Tree, pp. 177−186.
18. Pena, J. G., Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, 2005
19. Ritter, E & Angulo, B & Riga, Patrick & Herrán, C & Relloso, J & San Jose, M. (2001). Comparison of hydroponic and aeroponic cultivation system for the production of potato minitubers. Potato Research. 44. 127-135. 10.1007/BF02410099.
20. Kopf, D. The Economic Rise of Brooklyn, in charts, Quartz, March 28, 2017
21. NYC Food Policy, Food Metrics Report 2018.
22. Bellafante, G. Brooklyn’s Food Gap, New York Times Sept. 9, 2016.
23. Segal, A. Food deserts: global crisis in New York City. Causes, impacts, and solutions. Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development. Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2010, pp. 197 - 214.
24. Powers, Richard. The Overstory. First edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2018.
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The Habitat
The borough of Brooklyn has seen an explosive economic growth throughout the last decade. Between 2001 and 2015, job creation rate in Brooklyn was almost three times that of Manhattan (2.3% and 0.8%, respectively) [20]. This development has carried with it lots of positive change, but it has also created a high degree of social stratification — with a correspondingly high degree of nutritional inequality. While the forces of gentrification have primarily affected the neighborhoods along the western waterfront — transforming this part of Brooklyn into a Foodie’s paradise, the borough as a whole has a 20 percent food insecurity rate [21] — the highest in the city. Between 2009 and 2014, Brooklyn also saw the highest percentage increase in the rate of food insecurity [22]. While this number declined by 11.8% in Bronx, the city’s poorest borough during this period — it rose 8.7% in Brooklyn.
The system can quickly scale to accommodate larger subscriber volumes.
